What is Chromosome 21?

Down syndrome (DS) is a trail in which extra genetic solid causes delays in the way a small fry develops, and often leads to rational retardation. It affects 1 in every 800 babies born(p). The symptoms of Down syndrome dejection vary commodiously from infant to child. While nigh kids with DS need a lot of medical attention, others lead very wellnessy and independent lives. though Down syndrome discountt be prevented, it sens be detected before a child is born. The health problems that can go along with DS can be treated, and there are many resources within communities to at f dispirited to kids and their families who are living with the condition.Normally, at the time of conception a baby inherits genetic information from its parents in the form of 46 chromo several(prenominal)s 23 from the mother and 23 from the father. In close cases of Down syndrome, however, a child gets an extra chromosome for a total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46. Its this extra genetic material that causes the physical and cognitive delays associated with DS. Although no one knows for sure why DS occurs and theres no way to prevent the chromosomal geological fault that causes it, scientists do know that women succession 35 and older curb a significantly higher find of having a child with the condition.At age 30, for example, a woman has less than a 1 in 1,000 chance of conceiving a child with DS. Those odds increase to 1 in 400 by age 35. By 42, it jumps to about 1 in 60. How Does Down Syndrome Affect a Child? Kids with Down syndrome tend to share certain physical features such as a flat facial profile, an upward pitching to the eyes, small capitulums, a single crease across the center of the palms, and an enlarged tongue. A doctor can uncouthly tell if a newborn has the condition through a physical exam. Low heftiness tone and loose joints are also characteristic of children with DS, and babies in particular may seem in particular floppy. Though this can and ofte n does improve over time, most children with DS typically guide developmental milestones equal sitting up, crawling, and walking later than other kids. At birth, kids with DS are usually of total size, but they tend to grow at a slower rate and remain smaller than their peers. For infants, low muscle tone may contribute to sucking and feeding problems, as well as geometrical irregularity and other digestive issues. In toddlers and older children, there may be delays in speech and self-care skills like feeding, dressing, and toilet t separatelying.Down syndrome affects kids cognitive abilities in different ways, but most have mild to decrease mental retardation. Kids with DS can and do learn, and are capable of developing skills throughout their lives. They simply reach goals at a different pace which is why its important not to compare a child with DS with typically developing siblings or even other children with the condition. Kids with DS have a wide range of abilities, an d theres no way to tell at birth what they will be capable of as they grow up.Medical Problems Associated with Down Syndrome. While some kids with DS have no other health problems, others may experience a host of medical issues that require extra care. For example, half of all children born with DS also have congenital heart defects and are prone to developing pulmonary high blood pressure (high blood pressure in the lungs). A pediatric cardiologist can monitor these types of problems, many of which can be treated with medication or surgery. Approximately half of all kids with DS also have problems with hearing and vision. Hearing loss can be related to fluid buildup in the inner ear or to structural problems of the ear itself.Vision problems commonly include amblyopia (lazy eye), near- or farsightedness, and an increase take a chance of cataracts. veritable(a) evaluations by an audiologist and an ophthalmologist are necessary to detect and correct any problems before they affect a childs language and learning skills. Other medical conditions that may occur more frequently in children with DS include thyroid problems, intestinal abnormalities, seizure disorders, respiratory problems, obesity, an increased susceptibility to infection, and a higher risk of childhood leukemia. Fortunately, many of these conditions are treatable. What is Chromosome 21?According to wikipedia. org, Chromosome 21 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. pot normally have two copies of this chromosome. The trisomy of the 21 causes Down Syndrome. Chromosome 21 is the smallest human chromosome, spanning almost 47 one thousand million nucleotides (the building material of DNA) and representing about 1. 5 percent of the total DNA in cells. The Human Genome throw off announced that they had determined the sequence of base pairs that make up this chromosome. Chromosome 21 was the second human chromosome to be fully sequenced. Chromosome 21 likely contains between 200 and 400 g enes.These include APP amyloid beta (A4) trumpeter protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) CBS cystathionine-beta-synthase CLDN14 claudin 14 HLCS holocarboxylase synthetase (biotin-(proprionyl-Coenzyme A-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolysing)) ligase) KCNE1 potassium voltage-gated channel, Isk-related family, member 1 KCNE2 potassium voltage-gated channel, Isk-related family, member 2 LAD leukocyte adhesion need (symbols are ITGB2, CD18, LCAMB) SOD1 superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) TMPRSS3 transmembrane protease, serine 3.Effects of Chromosome 21 The effects of chromosome 21 is best felt by the conditions that are associated with its lack or mutation. These include Cancer Rearrangements (translocations) of genetic material between chromosome 21 and other chromosomes have been associated with several types of cancer. For example, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (a type of blood cancer most often diagnosed in childhood) has been associat ed with a translocation between chromosomes 12 and 21. Another form of leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, has been associated with a translocation between chromosomes 8 and 21.Down Syndrome In a small percentage of cases, Down syndrome is caused by a rearrangement of chromosomal material between chromosome 21 and another chromosome. As a result, a person has the usual two copies of chromosome 21, plus extra material from chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome. These cases are called translocation Down syndrome. Researchers deliberate that extra copies of genes on chromosome 21 disrupt the course of normal development, causing the characteristic features of Down syndrome and the increased risk of medical problems associated with this disorder.Mental Retardation Other changes in the number or structure of chromosome 21 can have a variety of effects, including mental retardation, delayed development, and characteristic facial features. In some cases, the signs and symptoms are si milar to those of Down syndrome. Changes to chromosome 21 include a missing segment of the chromosome in each cell (partial monosomy 21) and a circular structure called ring chromosome 21. A ring chromosome occurs when both ends of a low-down chromosome are reunited.Alzheimers Disease. Duplication in Amyloid precursor protein (APP) locus (duplicated segment varies in distance but includes APP) on Chromosome 21 was found to cause early onset familial Alzheimers disease (AD) in a french family set (Rovelet-Lecrux et al) and a dutch family set (Sleegers et al). Compared to AD caused by missense mutations in APP, the relative frequency of the AD caused by APP duplicates is significant. ALL the patients that have an extra copy of APP gene due to the locus duplication show AD with severe Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA).