Caravaggio’s Religious Imagery Essay Example for Free

Caravaggios Religious Imagery EssayThe topic to be examined involves the iconological consume of selected religious works by Italian deviceist Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. The term iconological refers to the study of visual imagery and its symbolism and commentary, especially in social or political terms. The primary purpose of this research paper is to study the symbolism of Caravaggios paintings and their impact on society in a historical sense through present day. A secondary purpose is to throttle the extent to which, if any, that his contrivance has influenced politics and religion dating back to the late sixteenth century. There are three facets of the research problem (1) the impact of the invigorated Baroque style of painting that Caravaggio defined (2) the influence that his religious works had on the church, politics, and society and (3) the iconological study of Caravaggio. The study is significant for two reasons. First, since art and coating have major i nfluence on society and history, it is important to recognize Caravaggio for his role in averting the threat of Protestantism by replacing the ruling affectation period of European painting with his radical naturalistic approach to chiaroscuro.The term chiaroscuro refers to a painting technique that involves an intricate use of shadow and light. Second, the study exit address the implications for art and religion in society in relation to the issue of barriers and obstacles that have been faced and whether they have been truly overcome. Hypotheses Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio profoundly changed the art world, bringing about definitiveness to Baroque and eliminating Mannerism. Caravaggios authentic religious works that filled the Counter-Reformation Church helped to form specific religions based on imagery.The symbolism and interpretation of Caravaggios religious pieces was that they were radically natural, combining theatre and drama with close physical observations. In provin g the above hypotheses to be true through utilization of the spare-time activity methodology, the impact of Caravaggio on religion and society will be obvious. It is also necessary to take other scholars who have come before him into consideration in order to detail exactly what impact his works have made.Although he was somewhat ignored after a short period of fame in the 17th century, until the twentieth century, he is to be formally credited with the evolution of art from Mannerism to the new Baroque. There has been an overall positive impact on art and religion because of his development. Methodology The research will use a non-experimental design. The data collection method will be a combination of observation, interviews, and the use of pre-existing records.After an initial period in Australia, becoming familiar with relevant secondary material on the subject I will go to Italy to test paintings first hand. The three religious works by Caravaggio that have been selected fo r personal observation in situ are as follows n Deposition of Christ in the Sepulchre, 1602-1603, Oil on Canvas, 300 x 203cm, Pinacoteca Vaticana, Vatican City n The Calling of paragon Matthew, 1599-1600, Oil on Canvas, 322 x 340cm, Contareli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome n Crucifixion of Saint Peter, 1600, Oil on Canvas, 230 x 175cm, Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome Literature ReviewIn researching the identified topic, many of the traditional sources, articles and books, on Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio and his works were that of negativity giving him little or no credit for the profound impact he has had on art history. The intention of this research paper is to disclose the verity through interpretation while tax return-arguing past research on the subject that is seemingly incorrectly represented. Primary Sources Alpers, Svetlana. Describe or Narrate? A job in Realistic Representation. New Literary History, Vol 81, Readers and Spectators Some Views and Reviews (Autumn 1976), pp. 15-41This article, taken from the New Literary History journal, volume 8, discusses Caravaggio as a capacious operative but describes his art as offensive and vulgar rather than profound and evolutionary. In order to validly make my claim, it is necessary to show arguments against my stated hypotheses and counter them effectively, which is why this article will be of significant use to me in compiling my extracted information. Chorpenning, Joseph F. Another Look at Caravaggio and Religion. Artibus et Historiae, Vol 816 (1987), pp. 149-158I weigh this journal article can provide the basis for my project. It is very similar to the intentions of my research paper and will help to make my finished piece a worthwhile, significant, and original investigation for the truth. Friedlaender, Walter F. Caravaggio Studies. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1955 Walter Friedlaender, the author of Caravaggio Studies, is one of the first to write about the obscur e Italian artist. Although sections of the biography appear to be speculative, there is a great deal of information that is unavailable elsewhere in this book.

Communications Plan Essay Example for Free

Communications Plan EssayThe Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and TSA awarded a $37m kick in for magnification projects at Denver International aerodrome. These funds atomic number 18 being utilize for the master picture projects. Approximately $11.6m will go towards rehabilitating runway 8/26, and over $1.7m will be used to improve the taxiway system surrounding Jeppesen Terminal. virtually $8.7m will be used to upgrade runway 16L/34R. somewhat $15m from the TSA grant will be spent on improving the personal line of creditports baggage test system. Stakeholder AnalysisTo examine the role of the communication channelport stakeholders a precise commentary of stakeholders and their goals for the drome is necessary. The purpose of this section is to identify the airdromes goals from the point of view of each stakeholder group.1) PassengersFor passengers, the airport provides a transition point surrounded by the nation and air conveyance of title modes, or a connection point between deuce flights. Different sub-types of passengers cook been identified (Neufville Odoni 2003)1) Arriving passengers2) Originating passengers3) Transfer passengers4) International and domestic passengers5) lease and low-f atomic number 18 airline passengers6) Shuttle/commuter passengersThese passenger types atomic number 18 non mutually exclusive rather, an psyche passenger may be a member of more(prenominal) than matchless subtype of passenger categories. Arriving and originating passengers ar commonly referred to as origin and destination (OD) passengers. Independent of the passenger classifications according to the above attributes, the passengers may be viewed in two different capacities in the context of this analysis. First, passengers can be viewed as participants in the economical system, either as business travelers or as tourist/ leisure time travelers, purchasing go from airport service providers and interacting in different ways with topical anesthetic anaesthetic businesses and the local community. Second, passengers can be viewed as individual travelers that have expectations intimately receiving quality services, and passing through the airport system in a convenient manner. These two perspectives have different implications on the goals for the airports and will be treated separately in the following subsections.a) Passengers as Economic ParticipantsPassengers may participate in the economic system in one of several ways 1) As origin leisure/ ad hominem travelers These are passengers from the local community that use the airport as their departure point for leisure or other personal travel. 2) As origin business travelers These are travelers representing local businesses, using the airport as their departure point. 3) As destination leisure/personal travelers These are visitors to the region, for touristry or other personal purposes. 4) As destination business travelers These are business travelers coming to visit local businesses. If the airports occupation is firmly geared toward OD employment, then demand at the airport is more heavily determined by the local economy.In contrast, significant connecting (transfer) passenger levels are less sensitive to the per get upance of the local economy, but those traffic volumes may represent vulnerability for the airport since they are to a greater degree dictated by a aircraft carriers viability and route decisions. Passengers contribute toward the financing of airport capital improvement projects through Passenger Facility Charges (PFCs) of up to $4.50 per passenger. PFCs are paid directly by passengers through airline tickets and proceeds must be used for capital improvements at the airport that collected them (Wells Young 2003). The goals for passengers as economic participants relates to the cost of travel Providing access to low airfares is a key objective for the airport in the view of air passengers.b) Passenger as TravelersWh en considering the passengers as travelers as a stakeholder group, the counselling is on the passenger as an individual. The goal of the airport from the individual passenger viewpoint is, moving passengers quickly and conveniently to where they indispens suitableness to go. This view considers the airport as a transit point from one mode of transportation to another, or as a connection point between two different flights. Ensuring on-time performance was raised as the most important aspect to achieving this objective. 2) Business, Commerce, Tourism, Arts, Sports, and Education Organizations The organizations that in various ways are customers of the airport have been summarized as business, commerce, tourism, arts, sports, and education organizations. Some organizations are direct users of the airport by importing or exporting services (i.e. business travelers) and goods (raw materials or finished goods). other organizations are indirect customers of the airport as a result of t heir customers (e.g. tourists) traveling through the airport. The term organizations is used to encompass both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations.OrganizationsOrganizations whose clients arrive through the airportOrganizations that are direct users of the airportImporters of services and goodsExporters of services and goodsThe airport serves as an engine of business activity for the organizations in the region. The airport drives and supports economic activity in several different ways, including both through business activities directly at the airport and through business activities throughout the regional economy (Button Stough 2000). Underlying goals for maximise this economic activity include maximizing passenger volumes and traffic at the airport as well as maximizing the number of destinations served and the frequency of those services (Matt Erskine, Greater Washington Board of Trade 2009). As a result of the different types of use of the airport described in the pr evious paragraph, the priority of one goal over another varies between organizations.3) Air CarriersAir carriers provide the air transportation service from the airports. Air carriers include both passenger and consignment carriers and are classified into three subcategories (Environmental Protection Agency 2000) 1) Large certified carriers These carriers have a certificate to carry 61 passengers or more, payload concern to or greater than 18,000 pounds, or conduct international operations. 2) Small certified carriers These carriers fly aircraft that carry less than 61 passengers, carry less than 18,000 pounds, and do not conduct international operations. 3) Commuter carriers These are air taxis with a published schedule of at least five weekly round trips between at least two airports. Air carriers select airports based on the passenger demand for service to/from the airports (i.e. revenue generation potential) and based on the cost of operate at the airport. The airlines have t he objective of achieving high school yields, (Doganis 2002).aerodromes serve the role of providing access to high yield markets. Attractive airports reassure low cost of air carrier operations at the airport. This includes both minimizing direct gifts charged to air carriers through the maximization of non-aeronautical revenues (Dallas Dawson, Tampa International Airport 2009) and minimizing costs incurred by air carriers through waiting on the ground (Peter Stettler, Ricondo and Associates 2009). An airport may serve either as a hub for a carrier, with a high portion of that carriers flights operating(a) to/from the airport, or as a non-hub airport with a lower portion of flights for a given carrier (Belobaba et al. 2009). In either situation, the airport should act as an efficient hub/connection point, contributing to ensuring air carriers on time performance (Pat Oldfield, United Airlines 2009). In addition, it is the expectation of air carriers that airports ensure safety o f operations on the airport surface (Kurt Krummenacker, Moodys 2009).4) General Aviation UsersGeneral breeze encompasses many types of aviation outside the air carrier definition, including (Wells Young 2003).1) Air taxi hustlers (except those air taxi operators listed in section IV.A.3)2) Corporate-executive transportation3) Flight instruction4) Aircraft rental5) Aerial application6) Aerial observation7) Business8) PleasureSeveral of the goals listed for air carriers also apply to general aviation in terms of on-time performance, low costs, and safety. However, a representative of a business aviation organization defined the elemental goal of airports as serving as access point to the national air transportation system by providing good availability and high capabilities in terms of instrumentation and services (Jeff Gilley, National Business Aviation Association 2009). 5) Airport OrganizationThe airport organizational structure varies (Neufville Odoni 2003) and can be comprise d of an individual airport such as Dallas Fort deserving Airport (DFW) (DFW Airport 2009) or as a group of airports managed by the very(prenominal) organization, such as the metropolitan Washington Airports imprimatur (MWAA) (Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority 2009). The airport organization is overseen by a board appointed by local governments. In big airports or systems of airports, a common feature is that the organization includes a separation of operating units which carry out on-going management of airport operations, and they are separate from ply units which have responsibility for (among several other areas) infrastructure phylogeny (Neufville Odoni 2003). The airport itself pays for some capital infrastructure projects.Airport operating revenues come from sources such as landing fees, terminal leases and proceeds from concessions sales. This revenue is used to pay for the airports operating expense, but any surplus can be used to contribute toward capital im provements. A set of goals for the airport organization can be derived from studying airports strategic plans and objectives and from interviewing airport management experts. The primary objective (sometimes referred to as the mission) of the airport is to provide access to high quality air services to its region. Other goals, such as ensuring strong financial performance and high operational efficiency, are considered as means to an end in that they enable the airport to achieve this overarching goal (DFW Airport 2008 Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006). A compact view of the airports goals is presented using the structure of Denver International Airports strategic plan (Denver International Airport 2009)1) Excel in airport management This goal includesa) Achieve high security and safety (City of Cleveland, Department of porthole Control 2007 Denver International Airport 2009 Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006) b) Grow revenue and manage costs (City of Cleveland , Department of Port Control 2007 Denver International Airport 2009 DFW Airport 2008 Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006) c) Drive economic growth (Denver International Airport 2009) d) Grow passenger numbers (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007 Denver International Airport 2009) e) Provide access to a high number of destinations and a high frequency of service (Denver International Airport 2009).This goal relates immediately to the primary objective of the airport described above. Airport management must also achieve a balance where sufficient infrastructure capacity exists for handling traffic magical spell capacity is at the same time not over-built (Paul McKnight, Jacobs Consultancy 2009 Frank Berardino, GRA Inc 2009). Additionally, a key objective for airports is to maximize non-aeronautical revenues since that provides diversified revenues and allows for keeping usage charges to air carriers low, thereby potentially attracting more traffic (Chellie Came ron, MWAA 2009 Peter Stettler, Ricondo and Associates 2009 Seth Lehman and Emma Walker, Fitch Ratings 2009).2) Provide high levels of customer service This goal includes ensuring a good experience for both passengers and other customers (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007 Denver International Airport 2009 DFW Airport 2008 Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006). 3) Develop environmentally sustainable practices and minimize noise This goal includes minimizing emissions, energy consumption, etc., indoors the airport (Denver International Airport 2009 City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007). Some airports, such as Sea-Tac, are also beginning to expand their focus by considering greenhouse gas emissions not only from the airport-controlled operations but also from airlines and other tenants as well as the public (Port of Seattle, Sea-Tac Airport 2007). relate to this is the goal of minimizing airport-related noise (Neufville Odonin2003).4) Develop hig h-performing employee teams This goal relates to developing effective and skilled employees (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007 Denver International Airport 2009) and maximizing employee usage (DFW Airport 2008). 5) Enhance competitive advantage This goal includes providing competitive user place and protecting the airports physical infrastructure (Denver International Airport 2009 City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007).Some of these goals may be in competition with each other. For instance, the goal of maximizing non-aeronautical revenue can contradict with the goal of developing environmentally sustainability and providing a good experience for passengers The latter two goals would be aided by promoting and developing access to public transportation access modes to the airport such as bus or rail. However, the goal of maximizing non-aeronautical revenue is better served by maximizing revenue-generation in the form of set revenue from private vehicl es. In such instances, airport management must balance the competing priorities in order to accomplish the goals of the airport. 6) Investors and Bond-HoldersThe majority of airport debt is of the general airport revenue bond (GARB) type. GARB means that the bond is backed by revenues generated from airport operations and not backed by any government bread and butter source. The credit ratings agencies Moodys, Standard and Poors, and Fitch Ratings participate in this system by assigning grades of investment quality to the airports bonds. The ratings agencies ratings affect the interest rates and terms of the bonds (Wells Young 2003). A large number of factors impact the bond ratings, including1) Historical and projected population growth2) Historical and projected employment expansion and mix3) Passenger growth4) Airport utilization trends5) Portion of origin and destination (OD) traffic6) The importance of the facility to the overall US system of airports7) Whether the airport i s in a favorable geographic location (e.g. is it a natural hub location?)8) Airfield capacity and attractiveness of facilities9) Debt burden and carrying costs10) Financial potency of carriers with a lot of connecting traffic, and their level of commitment to the airport11) The role of the airport in the dominant carriers network12) The level of legal flexibility for the airport to change the rates it charges air carriers7) ConcessionairesAirport concessionaires operate passenger services in terminal buildings and may include food and beverage services, sell services, and hotels. Concessions operators pay the airport organization a fixed annual fee and/or a percentage of gross revenues (Wells Young 2003). Considering the concessions operators objective of maximizing profits, the goals of the airport for these operators are deduced to be maximizing passenger volumes and minimizing the fees paid to the airport organization.8) Service ProvidersThe service providers are private oper ators that offer services to air carriers and general aviation users. Independent operators may supply these services (e.g. fixed-base operators, FBOs), but some of the services may also be provided by the airport operator, the airline itself, or by another airline. Services provided include (Neufville Odoni 2003)1) Supply of aviation fuel and oil2) Baggage handling and sorting3) Loading and unloading of aircraft4) Interior cleaning of aircraft5) lavatory and water service6) Passenger transport to/from remote stands7) Catering transport8) Routine inspection and maintenance of aircraft at the stands 9) Aircraft starting, marshalling, and parking10) Aircraft de-icing11) Passenger handling (e.g. ticketing and check-in)12) commitment and mail handling13) Information services14) Preparation of handling and load-control documents15) Supervisory or administrative dutiesSimilar to concessionaires, independent service providers pay a fee to the airport organization which is typically a pe rcentage of gross revenues (Neufville Odoni 2003). In a parallel to concessionaires, service provider goals for the airport would include maximizing traffic volumes and minimizing the fees paid to the airport organization.9) EmployeesThe employee category includes both direct employees of the airports organization as well as employees of companies operating at the airport, such as concessions operators. Some employees are organized into unions, such as the Service Employees International Union (SEIU USW West 2009) and Unite Here (Unite Here 2009). The objective of the airport from the perspective of those unions is to provide pay off jobs, wages, and benefits (Unite Here 2009).10) Federal GovernmentThe federal government participates in the airport system in three different roles As a bill- remunerator, as an operator, and as a regulator. Each of these roles will be addressed in this section. In terms of the governments role as a bill payer for the system, the Airports Improvement Program (AIP) is administered by the FAA and its funding comes from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund, which in turn is funded by user fees and fuel taxes. AIP funds can be applied toward projects that support aircraft operations including runways, taxiways, aprons, noise abatement, land purchase, and safety, emergency or snow removal equipment. In order to be eligible for AIP funding, airports must be part of the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS), which imposes requirements on the airport for legal and financial compliance (Wells Young 2003). The NPIAS has two goals To ensure that airports are able to accommodate the growth in travel and to keep airports up to standards for the aircraft that use them (FAA 2008).The governments role as airport operators includes three different agencies 1) FAA The FAA is the operator of ramp, ground, local, and departure/arrival air traffic control services (United States Code of Federal Regulations 2010). 2) Transportation Secur ity Administration (TSA) The TSA provides passenger and baggage security screening services. The TSA differentiates that it is the goal for its baggage screening operations to screen for explosives and other dangerous items while maximizing efficiency (Transportation Security Administration 2009). This can be translated to state that it is the goal for the airport to ensure secure transportation of people and goods while minimizing the impact of security measures on legitimate travelers and goods.3) Customs and Border Protection (CBP) The CBP is liable for operating passport control and customs inspections at international airports. The CBP states that it is its mission to protect our nations borders from terrorism, human and drug smuggling, illegal migration, and agricultural pests while simultaneously facilitating the flow of legitimate travel and trade (Customs and Border Protection 2009). Just as for the TSA, this can be translated to state that it is the goal for the airport to ensure secure transportation of people and goods while minimizing the impact of security measures on legitimate travelers and goods. Lastly, the federal government is a regulator of the airports system. Airports that are included in the NPIAS are subject to a number of federal regulations that are enforced by the FAA and the Transportation Security Administration. The regulations apply to both the airport infrastructure as well as to service providers within the airport systems. The purpose of these rules is to ensure the safe and efficient operations of public-use airports (Wells Young 2003).11) Local GovernmentUS airports are with few exceptions not private, profitmaking enterprises. Instead, airports are typically owned and operated by public entities such as cities, counties, or local airport authorities (Neufville Odoni 2003). For instance, Washingtons Dulles and National airports are owned and operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA). The MWAA is officially a body independent of the local government but its board is appointed by the Governor of Virginia, the Mayor of the District of Columbia, the Governor of Maryland and the President of the United States). Similarly, youngark, LaGuardia, JFK, Stewart International, and Teterboro airports in metropolitan New York City are owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 2009). Dallas-Fort Worth Airport is jointly owned by the City of Dallas and the City of Forth Worth (DFW Airport 2009).The government owners in the form of city and local governments are represented by an airport board which is responsible for the strategic direction of the airport and for appointing airport management (Wells Young 2003). The local government is supported in an advisory role by federally funded Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) who are charged with assisting in planning for aviation and other transportation infrastructure for the local region (Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations 2010). State and local government also contribute as bill-payers for capital improvement projects (Airports Council International North America 2009). The objectives of the airport from the point of view of the local government is representative of those of the local community it represents and involves both maximizing its positive effects while minimizing its negative effects. One form of positive impact of the airport is in the shape of economic effects.There is significant literature on the economic impact of airports. However, many studies are sponsored by the airports authorities themselves, making them more political than analytical. Although there may be no definitive measure of the economic impact of airports, a structure for the types of impacts of airports to their regional communities has proposed (Button Stough 2000) 1) Short-term impact from construction, expansion, and renovation of airports 2) Sustain ed impact in the form of jobs at the airport (direct impact) and off-airport jobs that result from the multiplier effect of the income generated by employees at the airport 3) Stimulus of the local economy as a result of firms and individuals having air transportation services at their disposal 4) Spurring other economic development by crossing thresholds for economies of scale, scope, and density. The authors note that this last form of impact is very difficult to quantify.COMMUNICATION PLANCommunication ObjectivesThe objective of this strategic communications plan is to serve as a road map for how communications will be done between members of the project team as well as the stakeholders.. This plan comprises objectives, strategies and tactics for how team correspondence will be performed between each facet of the project team..Works CitedKurt Krummenacker, Moodys, 2009. Interview of Kurt Krummenacker, Moodys, by David Schaar, George Mason University.Metropolitan Washington Airpor ts Authority, 2009. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Facts. Available at http//www.mwaa.com/about_the_authority/facts Accessed October 15, 2012.Neufville, R.D. Odoni, A.R., 2003. Airport systems, McGraw-Hill Professional.Port of Seattle, Sea-Tac Airport, 2007. Port of Seattle,Seattle-Tacoma International Airport,Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 2006,Sarkis, J., 2000. An analysis of the operational efficiency of major airports in the United States. Journal of Operations Management, 18(3), 335-351.Sarkis, J. Talluri, S., 2004. Performance based clustering for benchmarking of US airports. Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice, 38(5), 329-346.Schap, D., 1986. Municipal self-control in the electric utility industry, Praeger.SEIU USW West, 2009. SEIU USW West About Us. Available at http//www.seiu-usww.org/about/Default.aspx Accessed October 16, 2012.Smith, D.M., 1979. Where the grass is greener, Taylor Francis.The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, 2009. Overview of Facilities and Services About the Port Authority. Available at http//www.panynj.gov/about/facilities-services.html Accessed October 18, 2012.Transportation Security Administration, 2009. Transportation Security Administration What We Do. Available at http//www.tsa.gov/what_we_do/index.shtm Accessed October 16, 2012.Unite Here, 2009. Unite Here. Available at http//www.unitehere.org/about/airports.php Accessed October 16, 2012.United States Code of Federal Regulations, 2010. Title 14,Part 91. Available at Accessed February 5, 2010.Upham, P.J., 2003. Towards sustainable aviation,Earthscan.US-Citizens Aviation Watch, 2009. US-Citizens AviationWatch. Available at http//www.us-caw.org/ Accessed October 16, 2012.Wells, A.T. Young, S.B., 2003. Airport planning management, McGraw-Hill Professional.White, E.T., 1976. Utilities, Dept. of defending team, National Defense University, Industrial College of the Armed Forces. Wolfe, H.P. NewMyer, D.A., 1985. Aviation industry regulation, SIU Press.

Women in India Essay Example for Free

Women in India EssayThe status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past tense few millennia. From equal status with men in ancient times through the low points of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the chronicle of women in India has been eventful. In modern India, women nurture held high offices in India including that of the President, Prime Minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha and Leader of the Opposition. As of 2011, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha (Lower dramatic art of the parliament) were women. However, women in India continue to face atrocities such as mar, acid throwing, dowry killings while young girls are forced into prostitution as of late rape has seen a sharp increase following several high profile cases of young girls brutally raped in public areas. According to a international poll conducted by Thomson Reuters, India is the fourth more or less d angerous country in the world for women, and the worst country for women among the G20 countries. Historical practices Traditions such as sati, jauhar, and devadasi among some communities stool been banned and are largely defunct in modern India.However, some instances of these practices are til now found in remote parts of India. The purdah is still practised by Indian women in some communities, and child marriage remains prevalent despite it macrocosm illegal under current Indian law. Sati Sati is an old, almost completely defunct custom among some communities, in which the widow was immolated alive on her husbands funeral pyre. Although the act was supposed to be voluntary on the widows part, it is believed to obtain sometimes been forced on the widow. It was abolished by the British in 1829.There shake been around forty reported cases of sati since independence. In 1987, the Roop Kanwar case in Rajasthan conduct to The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act. Jauhar Jauhar ref ers to the practice of voluntary immolation by wives and daughters of defeated warriors, in order to avoid capture and consequent molestation by the enemy. The practice was followed by the wives of defeated Rajput rulers, who are known to place a high premium on honour. Purdah Purdah is the practice among some communities of requiring women to cover their bodies so as to keep back their skin and form.It imposes restrictions on the mobility of women, curtails their right to interact freely, and is a symbol of the subordination of women. It does not reflect the religious teachings of either Hinduism or Islam, contrary to common belief. Devadasis Devadasi is a religious practice in some parts of southern India, in which women are married to a deity or temple. The ritual was well-established by the tenth century A. D. In later periods, illegitimate sexual exploitation of devadasis became the norm in some parts of India.Women in independent India Women in India now insert fully in ar eas such as education, sports, politics, media, art and culture, service sectors, science and technology, etc. Indira Gandhi, who served as Prime Minister of India for an aggregate period of fifteen historic period, is the worlds time-consuming serving woman Prime Minister. The Constitution of India guarantees to all Indian women equality (Article 14), no discrimination by the State (Article 15(1)), equality of opportunity (Article 16), and equal break for equal work (Article 39(d)).In addition, it allows special sustenance to be made by the State in privilege of women and children (Article 15(3)), renounces practices derogatory to the dignity of women (Article 51(A) (e)), and also allows for provisions to be made by the State for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. (Article 42). Feminist activism in India gained momentum in the late 1970s. One of the kickoff national-level issues that brought womens groups together was the Mathura rape case.T he acquittal of natural lawmen accused of raping a young girl Mathura in a police station led to country-wide pro rills in 1979-1980. The protests, widely cover by the national media, forced the Government to amend the Evidence Act, the Criminal Procedure Code, and the Indian Penal Code and created a rude(a) offence, custodial rape. young-bearing(prenominal) person activists also united over issues such as female infanticide, gender bias, womens health, and womens literacy. Since alcoholism is often associated with violence once against women in India many women groups launched anti-liquor campaigns in Andhra Pradesh, HimachalPradesh, Haryana, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and some separate states. many another(prenominal) Indian Muslim women have questioned the fundamental leaders interpretation of womens rights under the Shariat law and have criticized the triple talaq system. In 1990s, grants from foreign donor agencies enabled the formation of new women-oriented NGOs. Self-help g roups and NGOs such as Self Employed Womens Association (SEWA) have played a major role in the advancement of womens rights in India. some women have emerged as leaders of local movements for example, Medha Patkar of the Narmada Bachao Andolan.The Government of India declared 2001 as the Year of Womens Empowerment (Swashakti). The discipline Policy For The Empowerment Of Women came was passed in 2001. In 2006, the case of Imrana, a Muslim rape victim, was highlighted by the media. Imrana was raped by her father-in-law. The pronouncement of some Muslim clerics that Imrana should marry her father-in-law led to widespread protests, and finally Imranas father-in-law was sentenced to 10 years in prison. The verdict was welcomed by many womens groups and the All India Muslim Personal Law Board.In 2010 March 9, one day after International Womens day, Rajya Sabha passed the Womens Reservation flush requiring that 33% of seats in Indias Parliament and state legislative bodies be reserved for women. Crimes against women Police records in India show a high incidence of crimes against women. The National Crime Records Bureau reported in 1998 that by 2010 growth in the rate of crimes against women would exceed the population growth rate. Earlier, many crimes against women were not reported to police due to the social stigma attached to rape and molestation.Official statistics show a dramatic increase in the number of reported crimes against women. Acid Throwing A Thomas Reuters Foundation survey says that India is the fourth most dangerous place in the world for women to live in. Women belonging to any class, caste, creed or pietism can be victims of this cruel form of violence and disfigurement, a premeditated crime intended to kill or maim permanently and act as a lesson to put a woman in her place. In India, acid attacks on women who dared to refuse a mans proposal of marriage or asked for a divorce are a form of revenge.Acid is cheap, easily available, and the quic kest way to destroy a womans life. The number of acid attacks have been rising. electric razor marriage Child marriage has been traditionally prevalent in India and continues to this day. Historically, child brides would live with their parents until they reached puberty. In the past, child widows were condemned to a life of great agony, shaved heads, living in isolation, and being shunned by society. Although child marriage was outlawed in 1860, it is still a common practice.According to UNICEFs State of the Worlds Children-2009 report, 47% of Indias women time-worn 2024 were married before the legal age of 18, rising to 56% in boorish areas. The report also showed that 40% of the worlds child marriages die in India. Domestic violence The number of incidents of domestic violence is higher among the lower Socio-Economic Classes (SECs). citation needed The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 came into force on 26 October 2006. destiny In 1961, the Government of India passed the Dowry Prohibition Act, making dowry demands in wedding arrangements illegal.However, many cases of dowry-related domestic violence, suicides and murders have been reported. In the 1980s, numerous such cases were reported. In 1985, the Dowry Prohibition (maintenance of lists of presents to the bride and bridegroom) Rules were framed. According to these rules, a signed list should be maintained of presents given at the time of the marriage to the bride and the bridegroom. The list should contain a brief description of each present, its approximate value, the name of who has given the present, and relationship to the recipient. However, such rules are rarely enforced.A 1997 report claimed that each year at least 5,000 women in India die dowry-related deaths, and at least a dozen die each day in kitchen fires thought to be intentional. The term for this is bride earnest and is criticized within India itself. Amongst the urban educated, such dowry abuse has reduced cons iderably. Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion In India, the male-female sex ratio is skewed dramatically in favour of males, the chief reason being the high number of females who die before reaching adulthood. Tribal societies in India have a less skewed sex ratio than other caste groups.This is in spite of the fact that tribal communities have far lower income levels, lower literacy rates, and less adequate health facilities. Many experts suggest the higher number of males in India can be attributed to female infanticides and sex-selective abortions. Ultrasound scanning constitutes a major leap forward in providing for the carefulness of mother and baby, and with scanners becoming portable, these advantages have spread to rural populations. However, ultrasound scans often reveal the sex of the baby, allowing pregnant women to decide to abort female foetuses and try again later for a male child.This practice is usually considered the main reason for the change in the rati o of male to female children being born. In 1994 the Indian government passed a law forbidding women or their families from asking about the sex of the baby after an ultrasound scan (or any other test which would yield that information) and also expressly forbade doctors or any other persons from providing that information. However, in practice this law (like the law forbidding dowries) is widely ignored, and levels of abortion on female foetuses remain high and the sex ratio at birth keeps getting more skewed.Female infanticide (killing of girl infants) is still prevalent in some rural areas. Sometimes this is infanticide by neglect, for example families may not spend money on critical medicines or withhold care from a sick girl. inveterate abuse of the dowry tradition has been one of the main reasons for sex-selective abortions and female infanticides in India. Rape Rape in India has been described by Radha Kumar as one of Indias most common crimes against women and by the UNs hu man-rights chief as a national problem.In the 1980s, womens rights groups lobbied for marital rape to be declared unlawful, as until 1983, the pitiful law (amendment) act stated that sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age is not rape. Marital rape is now illegal in India but is still widespread. While per-capita reported incidents are quite low compared to other countries, even developed countries, a new case is reported every 20 minutes. New Delhi has the highest rate of rape-reports among Indian cities. Sources show that rape cases in India have doubled between 1990 and 2008.According to the National Crime Records Bureau, 24,206 rape cases were registered in India in 2011, although experts agree that the number of unreported cases is much higher. Sexual harassment even teasing is a euphemism used for sexual harassment or molestation of women by men. Many activists blame the rising incidents of sexual harassment against women o n the order of Western culture. In 1987, The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act was passed to prohibit indecent representation of women through advertisements or in publications, writings, paintings or in any other manner.Of the total number of crimes against women reported in 1990, half related to molestation and harassment in the workplace. In 1997, in a landmark judgement, the Supreme court of law of India took a strong stand against sexual harassment of women in the workplace. The Court also laid down detailed guidelines for prevention and redressal of grievances. The National Commission for Women later on elaborated these guidelines into a Code of Conduct for employers.

5 Basic Principles Of Energy Security

5 Basic Principles Of Energy SecurityEnergy aegis is put in first place among the priorities facing the European Union. Although the problems of ensuring nix security were standing in front of a united Europe from the beginning of the integration process in recent years they have acquired the superior relevance and importance for the EU. This is due to the fact that today the EU depends 50% on external muscularity supplies to its market and on the policies pursued by provider states. In addition, European countries are concerned about the well-known problems with the vigor supply for them against the backdrop of turmoil amidst Russia, as the main EU animation supplier and Belarus and Ukraine, through whose territory the Russian hydrocarbons are delivered to the West. Russian-Ukrainian standoff on the issue of brag prices and transportation is the major concern of EU member states and obligate them to talk about the need to beam animation supplies.Concentrating 7% of know ledge domain population, more than than a quarter of dry land GDP and 20% of world trade, the EU has only 2% of the worlds black gold and 4% graphic splosh. Limitation of its own resource base in Europe bankers bills for a signifi supportt dependance of the EU on external zip fastener supplies. The European natural gas market is the third largest in the world. The spate of gas function in EU countries reached 513 billion m3 (21% of world consumption). Russia is the second largest EU oil supplier and provides 33% of the EU black gold needs. The Russian Gazprom is the leaseer in EU natural gas supplies with 46% of total. If we talk about security of cipher supplies, the main task in this area is the vim sectors geographical and resource diversification i.e. the expansion of supply sources, supply routes and pipelines.The EU security in energy sectorNABUKO I EUThe European Union is seeking to protect self from energy dependence on Russia with diversification of natural gas supplies policy by agreements with non-conventional energy suppliers, the Caspian states (Caspian states have only 4-5% of worlds gas reserves). But due to the unreliability of Russian energy supplies through third countries (Belarus and Ukraine) as well as the possibility of using Russian resources as a political tool, transporting Caspian Sea hydrocarbons (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) to the West has acquired great importance to the EU.Improve supply reliability and energy security EU responsible implementation of the Southern Gas Corridor. The planned corridor is composed of three separate the Trans-Caspian gas pipeline (the project provides for deli very(prenominal) of natural gas from Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to Azerbaijan), Baku Tbilisi Erzurum (from Azerbaijan through Georgia to Turkey) and Nabucco (from Turkish territory, via Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary Austria).Thus, the reliability of energy supply in Europe is due to the changing geographics of supply, i ncreasing the number of exporting countries, the creation of new infrastructure facilities.In the face of increasing contender from non-traditional suppliers of hydrocarbons Russia is very important to maintain the competitiveness of their energy in the European market, to tell effective and reliable conditions for their trip to Western Europe.From the European Union course to diversify energy imports implies Russias post-Soviet space deterrence, to avoid remove or indirect control by the latter everywhere the mining sector and transit infrastructure in surrounding areas.Revealing in this regard, the role of such organizations as the GUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova), which can be an active participant in non-Russian energy supplies to European markets.Major energy projects GUAM is the White Stream. White Stream the idea of the Ukrainian side to diversify natural gas supplies to Europe and Ukraine and reducing dependence on Russia. According to the innovation of developers this pipeline should pass along the Eurasian oil transport corridor, i.e. from Azerbaijan to the Georgian port of Supsa, and then across the Black Sea to Ukraine and onward to the EU, bypassing Russia.From a geopolitical point of view, the creation of transport corridor from east to west, bypassing Russia, on a plan of Brussels, willTo diversify energy supplies to reduce dependence of the EU from Russia and thus ensure energy securityDismantle the transport system of the former Soviet Union, largely through the territory of Russia and provides strategic control over the export of interchange Asian energy resourcesOpen the path to European Union cooperation with countries seeking to establish independent from Russian energy transportation routesEstablish control over the hydrocarbon resources of the component part and not to everyow these resources were available to RussiaAt the expense of control over energy resources to ensure the establishment of political control o ver the countries of the regionSet the geopolitical pluralism, independence (from Russia), the newly independent states.Implementation of the EU projects such as the Nabucco, whose design capacity is 30 billion m 3 of gas per year, is a complex ch entirelyenge for the Russias national interests towards Europe and tangibly affect Russias foreign policy and foreign economic activity.Russian energy resources development and policyEnergy policyRussias European direction is traditionally occupies a leading position in trade of fuel and energy resources. The EU has return 53% of Russian oil exports and 62% natural gas.For Russia, with its unique geographical and geopolitical position, the problem of transit of energy resources are of particular importance, since it depends on the transit of hydrocarbons in the main markets of third countries. This implies the task of ensuring uninterrupted supplies of Russian energy exports to Europe.Improving energy security EU calls for Russia to de velop and implement a wide range of policy and energy initiatives aimed at diversifying sources of supply of hydrocarbons. Passionate desire of Russia to find new routes for transporting oil and gas to the EU, bypassing the neighbors (Belarus and Ukraine), good reason a choice of routes is important beca give it allows not depending on the mood of the transit country.Currently, edifice of the North European Gas Pipeline Northern stream (Nord Stream) will run chthonic the Baltic Sea from Vyborg, Russia to Greifswald Germany. Capacity will be 55 billion m 3 of natural gas per year. Implementation of this project will suspensor solve the problem of diversification of export flows of gas, will expand supply in Western Europe and the implementation of Russias obligations under the concluded and the future long contracts for the supply of natural gas.The second project is the South Stream (South Stream), which will run under the Black Sea from Novorossiysk to the Bulgarian port of Va rna, and then assign into two branches and will pass through Serbia and Hungary to Austria through Greece to southern Italy. Capacity will reach 60 billion m 3 of natural gas per year.The main objective of these projects is to provide direct communication between the seller (Russia) and customers (Western, Central and South-Eastern Europe), bypassing the territory of Belarus and Ukraine, through which the now Russian natural gas to the EU through pipelines Urengoi Pomary Uzhgorod and Yamal Europe.As a Eurasian power, Russia is naturally interested in a free hand in its energy policy in all directions. At the end raises the question of correcting the current asymmetry of Russian energy exports in favor of the eastern direction. Russias national interest is to diversify markets for energy resources, expanding the geography of supplies of hydrocarbons. Due to this, Russia reduces dependence on the potential risks and, of course, opens up new and promising markets.To enter the Asia- Pacific region will create a pipeline Eastern Siberia Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline, which would connect the oil fields of Western and Eastern Siberia to the ports of Primorsky Territory in Russia and provide access to the markets of the Asia Pacific region.This pipeline capacity of 80 zillion tonnes a year must pass from the Taishet (Irkutsk region), north of Lake Baikal through Skovorodino (Amur region) in the Pacific Kozmino Bay (Primorsky Krai).The priority of Russian foreign energy policy includes the construction of a branch in China from being built oil pipeline Eastern Siberia Pacific Ocean. Power outlet will be 15 million tones a year.The implementation of the above projects will provide an opportunity to solve simultaneously the two most important geo-economic and geopolitical objectives provide a way out of Russian crude oil to the rapidly growing market of the Asia and the Pacific region and reduce dependence on the main emptor of energy.Tendencies of development of world energy markets and energy security issuesMalo history, why energy is needed, crucial statisticsIn our fast developing world, according to recent prognosis, energy consumption can grow up to 30% within next 15 years. World oil postulate can became higher for 42% and natural gas consumption will rise for about 60%.Todays world market is characterised with four most important circumstancessharp rise of energy demand in developing Asian countries (up to 45% of perspective world growth in oil consumption)increasing gap between demand and production volume of gas in economically developed countries (for example, by 2020 between 60% and 70% of gas consumption in Europe will be provided with the account of imports)insufficient capacity for the production, processing and transportation of oil and gas as well as the limited possibilities of new sitesinsufficient transparency of world energy marketAll these conditions presented to the fore the problem of energy security. Also, the glob alization process with which the world has faced in the twentieth century, directly affect the sphere of world energetic1. The enormous energy demand growth in Asia intensified competition for stable and cheap energy sources and in many parts of the world (especially rich in energy resources) occurring instability and conflicts. These circumstances contri exactlye to energy instability and large fluctuations in energy prices. World reserves of cheap energy are reduced, crossed the zenith of production while consumption is growing steadily. In light of these circumstances should be considered global processes in the energy sector. If we take in consideration allocation of worlds energy reserves, it can be seen that every part of the world has some reserves or reserves are allocated within sane range (e.g. Russia energy reserves are sufficient to cover rising European demand, Gulf of Mexico and Venezuela reserves are most convenient to America) Dijagrami. Experts assessment utter t hat in that location is sufficient energy reserves, but the cost of exploitation going to be sufficiently higher. World of cheap and accessible energy is definitely shag us. It is necessary to mention climate change and slowly growing tendency of reduction in carbonic acid gas emissions which will affect the consumption of fossil fuels but the global demand will not be reduced.Achieving global energy security will be reached by the world community implementation of measures in three main areasReliable supply of the world economy traditional forms of energyIncrease the efficiency of energy resources and environmental protectionDevelopment and use of new energy sources.All world and especially developed countries and largest energy suppliers have to contribute to achieving energy security.Basic principles of energy securityDespite all the differences in the approaches of major states, there are common points in the understanding energy security. In fact, it is possible to isolate th e basic principles that are more or less shared by all states.Energy security is the mutual responsibility of both the energy consumer and the energy supplier. This is acknowledged by all, but the problems switch off where the consumer and provider begin to demand each from other guaranties of supply or pay for these supplies. For example, in a moderate variant, the demand for guaranties of supply can lead to the consumers request to allow him representing the economic interests of the company for development and transportation of energy resources in the provider country. This is the case where the EU requires from Russia opening its energy sector for European investments. On the other hand, Russia sets requirements of direct accessing to the customer delivery systems. In the radical version assurance of supply can be expressed in direct political and economic dictation towards supplier country, up to carrying out military operations against them. Also, in the recent history we hav e witnessed that supplier country can impose measures such as delivery cutoffs, which affected not only targeted countries but many others (Russia Ukraine and Russia Belarus disputes).However, there is a third option, presented by Asian countries. It is the willingness to guaranty delivery due on the one hand, the participation of companies representing the economic interests of consumers in developing energy resources in the provider country, on the other playing by the rules of the provider country and investing heavily in infrastructure, mining and transportation. In this case, it is not a simple commodity-payment scheme, but a more complex investment, indemnity and other contractual relationships. The consumer provides his assurance of supply at the expense of investment in infrastructure provider, so as to optimize the supply chain, making it more modern, less costly, etc. Suppliers, allowing consumers to develop projects in their territory introduce not only secure and st able market, but also a strategic investor.Thus, we are talking about the principle of responsibility and interdependence of consumer and provider2.Further, despite the limited number of countries that act as energy suppliers, development of events shows that there is competition between them moreover, the very limited number of suppliers can toughen this competition. Factor that stimulates competition among providers is definitely another principle called diversification of sources and suppliers. At the moment there is competition between energy suppliers and it must also be built into the system of global energy security.The most important condition for this is the energy security depoliticization. In fact, the competition based on economic principles, competition for consumers is logical and understandable phenomenon. However, any use of energy resources for political purposes in the situation of rising demand leads to conflict, consequences of which can be unpredictable. Every a ttempt to put energy as a subject of political conflict is challenge to the global energy security system. Thus, the principles of energy security are also the depoliticization and fair competition. Moreover, if we can present the competition between suppliers, it is much more serious phenomenon the competition between consumers. The global reduction of energy production will imply the competition among energy buyers and consequently instability in particular regions could appear.Economic development without immoveable energy supply is impossible. Therefore, overcoming global problems such as poverty, epidemics, poor education, environmental challenge, without economic stability is unattainable. Energy supply and demand, market competition, joint investments, global warming, CO2 emissions, joint stability and many other factors indicate that energy security is primarily a global issue so we can point at another principle, the principle of globality.. In this context, we should not forget that energy security is inseparable part of a global security system.Looking the importance of energy for the quality of life and life in general, it is necessary to emphasize the principle of social orientation of energy security for both individual countries and the world at large.

Management and leadership of astrazeneca

Management and lead of astrazenecaINTRODUCTIONStrategic anxiety lead is the framework of all disposals success. According to my visualise of working in AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, it is my understanding that strategies are tactical plans needed by any(prenominal) organization to ensure dynamic achievement of its objectives. Both areas of management leadership are magnanimously benefited by how these strategies are enforced. Hence, the way management is being performed must be conjoined by a leadership that shares similar perseverance in r from each oneing its goals. But these goals may not always be objectified nor the organization geared to the path it is expected to go. This also gives great importance in controlling these strategies to the people who do it.1.1.1 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT comprises a series of long-term managerial decisions actions in which a firm selects implements strategies. The purpose of these strategies is to build the firms strengths by means of mark et positioning /or accumulation of internal resources that will give the firm an advantage over rivals (Parthasarthy, 2007).1.1.2 STRATEGIC leaders refers to the leadership capabilities of strategic managers in conceiving an inspiring vision guiding the firm to its vision. The quality of leadership is assessed by the strategic choices managers make that endow the firm with the competitive advantages it needs for sustained substantially performance (Parthasarthy, 2007)The way an organization goes through its strategy processes in order to achieve its company mission translates to what management leadership styles are to be implemented. angiotensin converting enzyme organization that greatly exemplifies a successful management leadership style that is congruent to its strategies in achieving its objectives is the global company AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals Incorporated.LEADERSHIP MANAGEMENT IN ASTRAZENECA PHARMACEUTICALS1.2.1 community PROFILEAstraZeneca takes great pride in havi ng an immense range of pharmaceutical outputs in its pipeline is one of the worlds leading companies in the market. It discovers prescription medicines, both biologics vaccines, develops manufactures them for prodigious dimensions of wellnesscare pain infection, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurology, oncology respiratory. It spends more than than $15 million daily on breakthrough medicines. Its head office is located in London, UK but its 3 study research instruction sites are found in SWEDEN, UK USA. Now, AstraZeneca operates in more than 100 countries worldwide.1.2.2 LINK BETWEEN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIPThe success of the organization is reliant on how its strategic management leadership is confederated translating to effective achievement of objectives. Strategic Management is responsible in formulating, executing assessing the effectiveness of these corporate tactics. It follows a global set of guidelines in all its areas of function research develo pment, manufacturing distribution, operations management gross sales marketing.These are then streamlined to the different corporate levels for effectuation to meet the organizational performance target for the month, semester fiscal year. The company relies on how effective the strategies are as devised by the management in turn, the management entrusts the companys persist in the market over competition by how leadership gets the job done on the frontline.1.2.3 MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP STYLE IN ASTRAZENECAAstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals performance is strung-out on the level of commitment the employees devote to their individual tasks. The company commences its achievement of objectives from its vision of researching developing the outstrip ethical pharmaceutical products in the market for sales marketing people to promote create demand for. Throughout the process, every other corporate function gets involved in achieving the organizations target sales ingathering marke t leadership. Thus, it is fitting to say that how these people are being motivated managed dictates how much commitment they are willing to put into practice.1.2.3.1 REASSURE CHALLENGE STYLES OF LEADERSHIP ad fitting the level of challenge and make sure there is an appropriate level of performance anxiety. The goal is anxiety in moderation. Performance commitment is higher(prenominal) if only if employees feel slightly anxious about succeeding. Reassure style of leadership help employees cope with the stresses challenges of work life. Challenge style of leadership displace employees by raising the level of challenge (Hiam, 2000).This organization deals with a business that sustains life health. Its main guideline for all its employees around the globe is the promotion of safety, health environment protection. It demands its employees to follow these guidelines for their own individual benefit but it also ensures the organizations protection of its employees as well. The mana gement actively advocates for well-documented reporting of adverse events or any untoward incident involving any of its promoted on-study products showing its commitment to valuing life health.1.2.4 LEADERSHIP STYLE ADAPTED IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONSSince pharmaceutical business presently faces a diversity of issues in the market, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals campaigns for the 3 BsBrilliance Beyond Basics. The company urges every employee to utilize every company resource strategically. As research development processes cant be compromised, strategic spending effective economics are implemented in the sales marketing departments specifically. Having brilliance beyond basics is utilizing the best companys assets, its people, breakthrough pharmaceutical products, employee training skills enhancement in the most strategic way.To help these employees cope perform satisfactorily, there is a constant mentoring in-field coaching for the frontline employees, scientific trainings conduct ed regularly involving all levels of sales marketing management to combat competitors strategies, team-building activities being held quarterly in all departments giving importance to professional-personal life balance, regular meeting place between top management all other levels to discuss any concern involving employment, benefits disputes, open communication among all employees performance review of not just managers on employees but employees on managers as well, ultimately national conferences to gather employees from all parts of the country/organization to give citations merits for job well done.1.2.5 military rating OF LEADERSHIP STYLEAstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals competes in the market with various pharmaceutical giants influx of local drug companies by meeting them headstrong through its valuable product portfolio. As this organization is involved in research development, ittakes pride in its ethical products envisions itself to be the No.1 ethical pharmaceutical company in the world each passing year. It believes in empowering its people who as a result empowers the organization its business. In ensuring that all employees get heard, the company uses the greatest tool in lettered about their view of the entire organization, its management leadership, through the Focus Survey. This strategic tool serves as evaluation by employees of how strategic managers leaders run the organization. orbiculate guidelines being designed each year every revision period in AstraZeneca is dependent on the result of the Focus Survey.1.3 CONCLUSIONThe management leadership style of AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals have been successful in enduring the stringent market competition. It strategically addresses every business challenge continuously empowers motivates its employees. The style adapted by this organization is best exemplified by Buhler in stating that leadership is more focused on energizing people in their performance while management is more focus ed on monitoring their performance levels (2001). Both areas really work hand in hand serve critical functions for this organization to achieve its objectives. The management leadership style of an organization transcends to employee performance. Motivated people in a company sustains the organization its goals.

An Analysis Of Mahatma Gandhi

An Analysis Of Mahatma GandhiGandhi (1982) enjoin by Richard Attenborough and starring Ben magnatesley in the title role, won 9 Academy Awards, including best(p)(p) Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Screenplay and Best Cinematography.The movie opens with the assassination of Gandhi. It depicts the journey of Mahatma Gandhi from sole colored practicing advocate in South Africa, who was thrown out of a train at Pie landmarkaritzburg on his refusal to stir up to third class coach while holding a valid first class ticket to the attraction of community who used the principles of non-violent resistance on behalf of Indian immigrants to his relocation to his mformer(a) land, India and inspiring millions of fellow citizens by his attractive leading skills.The movie also portrays his case-by-caseity and relationships with his family, close-associates, friends and attracters of Indian Congress Party. Addition ally, the principles go overed by Gandhi ar represented fairly w ith powerful blend of external factors including the British policies, his extensive travels, poverty prevalent in rural India and his conviction to remove secernment issues, which affected his conclusivenesss, outlook and strategies adopted together with the building of his Ashram, taking up fasting and standing firm on his principles of non-co-operation and non-violence.The tag line of this movie His gaiety changed the population forever is absolutely true.WHo was gandhi?Mr. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, bestowed with the title of Mahatma Great soul (a honorary title first used by Rabindranath Tagore), lovingly called Bapu father, used by his followers, is the military chaplain of nation of India. This expression was first used for Gandhi by Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose in his condolence message on the demise of Kasturba Gandhi, wife of Mahatma Gandhi in the year 1944. Gandhinot only embossed his voice for Swaraj (home rule for India) and taught his countrymen to fight without any arms or ammunition against the British empire, but led the world to believe and still follow his principles of legality and non-violence.Gandhi was a qualified Barrister, studied law in University College of London, lead a simple life with his wife, Kasturbai Makhanji and quartette sons, Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas and Devdas. Though a Hindu by birth, he believed in spirituality and not strict adherence to religious beliefs. The dialogue from the movie Gandhi clearly reveals the same I am a Islamic and a Hindu and a Christian and a Jew and so are all of you.It is easier to explain the austerity of this great leader by borrowing the condolences of Edward R. Murrow..Mahatma Gandhi was not a commander of great armies nor ruler of vast lands, he could boast no scientific achievements, no artistic gift. Yet men, governments and dignitaries from all over the world amaze joined hands today to pay homage to this little brown man in the loincloth who led his country to freedom(Dialogue from the movie Gandhi (1982), directed by Richard Attenborough) Guiding Principles and followersGandhi followed 11 vows throughout his life, which are described in his various writings. These vows are Ahimsa non-violence, Satya truth, Asteya non-stealing, Brahmacharya self discipline, Aparigraha non-possession, Sharirshrama bread labor, Aswada control of the palate, Sarvatra Bhayavarjana fearlessness, Sarva Dharma Samantva equality of all religions, Swadeshi use of only locally made goods and Sparshbhavna removal of untouchability.(Sourcehttp//www.gandhimanibhavan.org/gandhiphilosophy/philosophy_11vows.htm)The Time Magazine in December, 1999 edition named The 14th Dalai Lama, Lech Wasa, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Cesar Chavez, Aung San Suu Kyi, Benigno Aquino, Jr., Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela as Children of Gandhi and his spiritual heirs to non-violence.(Sourcehttp//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993026,00.html)His journey was from a briefless barrister (a term used to ridicule him by his fellow legal practitioners, as verbalised by Eknath Easwaram) in Bombay to the half naked Indian fakir (as referred by Winston Churchill in his speech in 1930) to the champion of the social movement of non-violence and equality. This passage was full of thorns in the form of assorted problems faced by him as well as roses as the numerous followers. Innumerable writers and leaders world-over have expressed diverse reliance about the greatest spiritual and political leader of India. Whether people follow the principles of Gandhi or they loathe him, his immense work thronenot be ignored. In the speech communication of Martin Luther King Jr. in the year 1955 Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the tactics.(Source Life Magazine Remembering Martin Luther King Jr. 40 Years Later, 2008)Leadership Qualities and stylesA leader is a person who influences a ag throng of people towards the achievement of a goal. A leader is an individual who first performs a nd then, leads his followers by example, so that they are motivated to follow him. He must have an innate commitment to a goal and strive to achieve it even if others do not follow him. As defined by Eric Hoffer, the leader has to be practical and realist, yet he must talk the language of visionary and idealist.(Source http//www.vtaide.com/gleanings/leader.htm)The dictionary meaning of the term leaders is the capacity to lead others an act or instance of guiding. Leadership is a process of tender influence in which one person gutter enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a reciprocal task as defined by Chemers. There are diverse opinions and theories regarding definitions and classifications of leadership styles. Nevertheless, in the words of Vance Packard Leadership appears to be the art of getting others to want to do something you are convinced should be done.(Source http//www.nwlink.com/donclark/leader/leadstl.html)Viscount Slim listed the traits of l eadership as courage, will power, judgment, flexibility, knowledge and integrity. In the words of Hill, characteristics of leader include self-confidence, morale qualities, self-sacrifice, paternalism, decisiveness, dignity, tolerance, enthusiasm, knowledge of man.In the light of these expressions, Gandhi was a true leader, who planned and performed the tasks, led by example, had strong conviction to achieve the goal and motivated his followers. The strength and character of Mahatma Gandhi is clear in his own words as You can chain me, you can torture me, you can even destroy this body but you will never imprison my mind.Kenneth Benne and Paul Sheats (1948) defined 26 different group roles that can be played by one or more persons within a group, which were categorised as task roles, personal or social roles and dysfunctional or individualistic roles. According to these roles, in the group task roles, an individual may be initiator, coordinator, evaluator, critic, orienter or record er.(Source http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMM_85.htm)Kurt Lewin led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leadership and established three major styles of leadership as authoritarian or autocratic participative or democratic and delegative or laissez-faire.(Sourcehttp//www.nwlink.com/donclark/leader/leadstl.html) Participative leaderGandhi definitely was a participative or democratic leader, who involved the whole police squad in planning and goal setting, problem solving and emphasised team building on the other hand, he retained his decision making authority that could not be challenged. Rather than deciding in an autocratic manner, he involved other people in the process, including his subordinates, peers, superiors and other stakeholders.Since the political situation then, was dynamic and changing frequently, the required democratic leadership flowed from Gandhi. He brought out the best of experience and skill from the fellow Congress leaders, seniors and followers. He had a strong conviction with right blend of flexibility and chose appropriate approach to be followed. The colloquy channels used were open and transparent and in case of any changes, the strategy was explained unambiguously.Theories of leadershipVarious theories have been propounded on the concept of leadership base on varied attributes of a leader including traits, situational interactions, function, manner, power, vision, values, charisma, ethics and intelligence among others.The following theories are relevant in describing leadership characteristics of Gandhi as explored in the movie magnetised leadershipTransformational leadershipServant leadershipAuthentic and Ethical leadershipIdeal leadershipFollower-centric leadershipCharismatic LeaderAccording to the trait approach, the leadership style is affected and influenced by the individual characteristics and traits of leader. German sociologist, Max Weber distinguished three ideal types of legitimate politic al leadership, domination and authority attractive (familial and religious), feudal or traditional (patriarchs or patrimonalism) and legal (modern law and state).Weber (1947) defined charismatic leadership as resting on devotion to the exceptional sanctity, endurance or exemplary character of an individual person, and of the normative patterns or order revealed or ordained by him. He defined the term charisma as a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with nonnatural or exceptional powers or qualities, which are not accessible to an ordinary person, but of divine origin or exemplary. He further added that a charismatic leader has remarkable ability to distill complex ideas into simple messages and communicates by using symbols, analogies, metaphors and stories. Such a leader relishes risk and is an optimist, who rebels conventions.Robert House (1977) used four phrases to define charismatic leader ship dominant, strong desire to influence others, self-confident and strong sense of ones own moral values.(Source http//www.12manage.com/methods_weber_charismatic_leadership.html)Gandhi is the best example of a charismatic leader. It was only his divine charisma that helped him fight on behalf of the Indian community in South Africa employing his principle of non-violence and wage a war against the British Empire for Indian license.(Source http//www.12manage.com/methods_weber_charismatic_leadership.html)Transformational LeadershipBass (1985) extended the theory of charismatic leadership to the theory of transformational leadership, where a leader is able to inspire and activate subordinates to perform beyond expectations and to achieve goals beyond those normally set. Transformational leadership as defined by Burns (1978), is the process of motivating the team by leader to be sound and efficient and engaging their commitments in the context of the shared values and shared vision. It involves relationship of mutual trust between the leaders and the followers.(Source http//psychology.about.com/od/leadership/a/transformational.htm) Gandhi beyond doubt was a transformational leader. He utilised his communication skills for facilitating and focusing his peers and followers on the final desired outcome or goal improvement. In consonance with Burns analysis, Gandhi was highly visible and used chain of command. He focused on the ideal vision of Swaraj and was surrounded by numerous other leaders who were responsible and accountable for interim milestones leading to attaining the target. All the four elements of a transformational leader were evident in Gandhis leadership individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, sacred motivation and idealized influence. He attempted to attend to his followers individual needs, acting as their mentor and addressing their concerns. He unconditionally supported his followers and regard their individual contributions. The followers also had aspirations for self development and were motivated towards accomplishing their responsibilities. He was never averse to taking risks and was open to nurturing associates and followers. He articulated a common vision which inspired his followers, peers and other contemporary leaders. His inspirational motivation and high standards challenged his followers. Also, followers had a strong sense of purpose and responded positively acting towards the attainment of goal. The visionary outlook of Gandhi was supported by his communication skills and conviction, which resulted in making it precise and powerful. He instilled pride in his followers gaining their respect and trust enabling him to obtain their additional efforts.Servant leadershipRobert Greenleaf (1977) described that a servant-leader is a servant first. He elucidates that the servant-leadership begins with a natural feeling that leader as an individual wishes to serve, which is followed by a conscious cho ice to aspire to lead.Gandhi, the quintessential servant-leader describes his own motivation to serve as service to the poor has been my hearts desire and it has endlessly thrown me amongst the poor and enabled me to identify myself with them.(Sourcehttp//www.lifepositive.com/Mind/Ethics/Servant_Leadership_stooping_to_conquer22004.asp)Spears (2002) lists qualities of servant-leader as listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, commitment to growth of people and building community.(Sourcehttp//changingminds.org/disciplines/leadership/styles/servant_leadership.htm)Gandhis desire to serve a cause and adhere to his principles was evident in South Africa. His mission to serve humanity began with his concern for the equal treatment of Indians, followed by raising his voice against the Bill, which was sought to disrobe Indians of their freedom.First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win. These words of Gandhi echo his persuasiveness and precision.Authentic and Ethical LeadershipIn wake of financial, good and societal crises, people have begun clamor for true(p) leadership. It is defined by Walumbwa as a pattern of leader behaviour that draws upon and promotes some(prenominal) positive psychological capacities and a positive ethical climate fostering positive self-development. The traits of authentic leadership embraces self-awareness of a leader, relational transparency, balanced processing of cultivation and internalized moral perspective.(Sourcehttp//johnmolson.concordia.ca/images/stories/graduate_prog/msc/docs/msc-agre/briand_melanie.pdf)Luthans and Avolio define authentic leadership as a process that draws from both positive psychological capabilities and a highly developed organizational context, which results in both greater self-awareness and self-regulated positive behaviors on the part of both leaders and associates, fostering positive self development. Authentic leaders inspire others by modeling positive organizational states of confidence, hope, optimism, and resiliency. By responding transparently to moral dilemmas, authentic leaders become ethical role models. Thus, authentic leadership is an umbrella that comprises of ethical leadership as well.(Sourcehttp//leadershipskills.org.au/interpersonal-leadership/authentic-leadership-explained/)In the words of Gandhi Everyone who wills can hear the inner voice. It is within everyone. He demonstrated characteristics of an authentic leader by being pull to truth. He knew himself well and was absolutely clear about his ideals and values. He illustrated self-discipline. veritable(a) in the movie, the dialogues between Ba, Mirabehn and Margaret Bourke-White, evidence that he strictly professed celibacy.Gandhi was extremely compassionate and genuine. Even during one of his train journeys, he releases his head cloth to a poor woman, across the river, who apparently was not wearing any proper clothi ng. Being an authentic leader of course, emanates from his rich experience and commitment towards serving humanity. considerably leadership refers not only to the competence of leader to lead his followers to perform a task, but his responsibility for ensuring standards of moral and ethical conduct and in transforming people. Ethical leadership combines ethical decision-making and ethical behavior. Key responsibility of a leader is to watch ethical decisions and behave in ethical ways and to ensure that his followers understand and practice the ethical code.(Source http//studentorgs.unomaha.edu/documents/EthicalLeadership.pdf)An ethical leader must emphasis and reiterates the statements about importance of ethics. He must disseminate ethical guidelines to his followers. Gandhi, indeed is considered one of the most ethical leaders. He modeled his ethical behavior and set a visible example for others to follow. He set rules for himself and also, his followers as regards the dos and d onts of moral behavior. This code was followed religiously by him. He criticised all unethical behavior and in case of any such unethical act by his followers, he went on to fasting as a penance.Gandhi considered that Always aim at complete harmony of thought and word and deed.Ideal leadershipIdeal leadership or Inter-Disciplinary leadership is a scientific leadership theory propounded by Larry Stout (2001), which identifies six critical capabilities that are grouped under leadership great and four capacities under leadership conditions. The six critical leadership capital capacities are vision, values, wisdom, courage, trust and voice to influence followers. The four vital leadership conditions vital for these capacities are place where the leader can hold sway, period that calls for his or her leadership, position that conveys leadership authority, and people who are ready for leadership.(Source http//www.az-encyclopedia.info/i/1329282_Ideal_leadership/)This theory states that le ader is one who leads his organization forward in a positive direction. The conditions model who gets to be a leader in the first place a person must be in the right place, at the right time, doing the right things, with the right people in order to have an opportunity to lead.(Source http//www.idealleadership.com/talking_about_leadership)His positive thoughts are amply clear from Gandhis words An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.Follower-centric leadershipGandhis relation with his followers can be classified into the approach of being follower-centric.In accordance with this approach, it is pertinent that the leadership is focused on followers, and not on the leader. The leader should give attention to his followers and make them feel proud on being part of the team. In the words of Warren Bennis Good leaders make people feel that they are at the very heart of things, not at the periphery. The follower-centric approach to leadership emphasises the information processing candidate in leadership dyads.(Source http//learningleaders.blogspot.com/2007/12/being-follower-centric.html)Meindl propounded this theory on the argument that it is the followers rather than the leaders who construct both the phenomenon of leadership and the images of specific leaders.Gandhi followed and advocated strategies that were dependent on circumstances and his followers. For instance, when he was in South Africa, he launched his protests in a suit and a tie, whereas, when he came back to India, he dressed only in Indian self-made clothing Khadi and launched non-violent protests on an immense scale.(Source http//www.rediff.com/money/2003/apr/11spec2.htm)Contemporary Leaders OF GANDHIThere were several leaders of that era, who were contemporaries of Gandhi, including the members of Indian issue Congress, striving for independence. Jawahar Lal Nehru, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, Maulana Azad, Bhagat Singh, Chander Shekhar, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of Muslim league, t o name a few.In the movie, Muhammad Ali Jinnah is depicted as one of the strong leaders, who even went to the extent of defying Gandhi. Jinnah demanded for a new Muslim nation named Pakistan. This was completely against the principles and philosophies of Gandhi.Jinnah is officially known as Quaid-i-Azam (Father of nation) in Pakistan. He advocated two nation theory, which was opposed to Mahatmas ideology of United India.As depicted in the movie, there were several instances where Gandhi interacted with Jinnah. First encounter of Gandhi with Jinnah was in Patels Garden. They subsequently met during a meeting for demanding Home rule for India, later at Jinnahs residence at Bombay and on various other occasions.Muhammad Ali Jinnah studied law, which led him to start thinking about Indian freedom through constitutional methods and Hindu-Muslim Unity. Jinnah was the leader of Muslim community of India.The leadership style adopted by Jinnah was authoritarian and charismatic. His charismat ic style helped him to gain confidence, acceptance and support from Muslims, consequently, obeying his orders. His leadership style is very well depicted in the movie during his talks demanding Home rule for India and the immediate response and enthusiasm among public. His authoritative style of leadership kept the party together where he held decision making power and exercised complete control over his follower.On comparing, leadership styles of Jinnah and Gandhi, it is evident that Gandhi was accepted among different sections of Indian society and across all castes and religions (including Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and others). On the other hand, thepopularity and acceptance of Jinnah was limited to only one community. Mahatma Gandhis ethics, authenticness and ideal leadership made him the leader of masses.analysis of followersAccording to Hill, leadership is product of projection and transference process of followers. The followers play a significant role in constructing leadershi p. They have cognitive schema through which they identify and assess their leaders. at once they identify small number of prototypical leadership in a person then they designate him as a leader.As depicted in the movie, Gandhi has follower driven leadership. It is amply clear that Gandhis follower played significant role in the construction of leadership. Mahatma Gandhi always worked in the best interest of his followers. conclusionMY LIFE IS MY MESSAGEGandhi was a great leader and independence fighter whose personality and leadership qualities widely influenced his followers. He accomplished his vision of Independent India by following on his principles of non violence and non cooperation. Opponents could never challenge his ideas and beliefs and later, he became ideal of many great leaders.Using principles of Satyagraha, he led the campaign for Indian independence from Britain. Gandhi was arrested many times by British for his activities in South Africa and India. He believed it was honourable to go to jail for a just cause. Altogether he dog-tired seven years in prison for his political activities. Gandhi used fasting to impress upon others the need to be non-violent. India was granted independence in 1947.In the words of Indian poet, Pradeep You gave us freedom without any sword or shield, you are a miracle.

The Character of Okonkwo in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay

The Character of Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart What makes a successful man? This, in itself, is a culture bound question because it apprize vary from culture to culture. However, in the perception of Okonkwo, the main character in Chinua Achebes novel, Things Fall Apart, the measure of a mans success is based on two elements, real acquisition and growth, and physical prowess. This is ironic for Okonkwo since his mints typical idea of success seems to be constructed of a complex, strong spiritual culture, seemingly able to deal in handed-down ways with any challenge in nature and human experience. (Ravenscroft 9) Although Okonkwo is undoubtedly an important member of Umuofian society, he is not a typical representative of that society. (Taiwo 115) It is this rudimentary dichotomy between Okonkwo and his own culture that directly lead to the tragic fall of Okonkwo, and ultimate disgrace. I feel that it is important to note at this clock time that Things F all Apart is a tragedy, and Okonkwo is a tragic hero. For TFA to be a tragedy, it must follow the following pattern... A tragedy .. is the imitation of an action that is erious, has magnitude, and is stark(a) in itself in language with pleasurable accessories, each kind brought in separately in the various parts of the work in a dramatic, not in a narrative form with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish it catharsis of such emotions Aristotle, Poetics Okonkwo is a tragic hero because he is superior to the regular people of the tribe, Okonkwo was well known throughout the nine villa... ...up perfectly in the last lines of the book when an entire culture, all of its oral traditions, customs, ceremonies, lives, the very essence of the Ibo people be a reasonable paragraph in the white mans book, The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger. BIBLIOGRAPHY Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apa rt. Portsmouth, New Hampshire Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1986. Aristotle. Aristotle The Poetics. The Longinus On the Sublime. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1960. Ravenscroft, A. Chinua Achebe. Great Britain Longmans, Green & CO LTD, 1969. Serumaga, Robert. A Mirror of Integration. Protest and Conflict in African Literature (1969) 76 Taiwo, Oladele. Culture and the Nigerian Novel. New York St. Martins Press, 1976.